Psychosis

Published Research & Citations

IndoPsyCare endeavours to continue conducting research into the latest evidence-based psychological treatments and remain up-to-date on psychological phenomena and breakthroughs.

We are proud to present the research conducted, or contributed to, by our advisors and IndoPsyCare psychologists. We seek to emphasize that whilst members of our team have contributed to these papers, we do not claim rights nor ownership of these publications.

• Jaya, E. S., Amelsvoort, T. van, Bartels-Velthuis, A. A., Bruggeman, R., Cahn, W., Haan, L. de, Kahn, R. S., Os, J. van, Schirmbeck, F., Simons, C. J. P., & Lincoln, T. M. (2021). The Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences: Optimal cut-off scores for detecting individuals with a psychotic disorder. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, e1893. doi: 10.1002/mpr.1893

  Abstract:
  “Objectives: Identified optimal cut-off scores for the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) self-report screener in 1,375 participants (868 clinical psychotic cases; 507 healthy controls).
  
  Findings: The weighted positive symptom score of >1.75 demonstrated superior diagnostic classification (AUC = 0.88; sensitivity = 75%; specificity = 88%), correctly identifying 80% of individuals with an odds ratio of 22.69.
  
  Conclusion: Validates an empirically grounded cut-off threshold for identifying individuals likely to meet criteria for a clinical psychotic disorder.”



• Jaya, E. S., & Wulandari, S. (2018). Psychotic experiences, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and common mental health risk factors of urban and non-urban dwellers in Indonesia. Psychological Research on Urban Society, 1(1), 3–11. doi: 10.7454/proust.v1i1.21

  Abstract:
  “Background: Examined variations in subclinical psychotic experiences, depressive symptoms, and anxiety among urban vs. non-urban Indonesian residents.
  
  Findings: Urban dwellers reported elevated psychotic-like experiences and affective symptoms, with socioeconomic adversity, noise sensitivity, and social disconnection explaining urban disparities.
  
  Conclusion: Highlights urbanization as an environmental risk factor in Indonesian mental health, pointing to community-level urban mental health initiatives.”



• Scheunemann, J., Schlier, B., Ascone, L., & Lincoln, T. (2018). The link between self‐compassion and psychotic‐like experiences: A matter of distress? Psychology and Psychotherapy, 92(4), 523-538. doi: 10.1111/papt.12193

  Abstract:
  “Background: Investigated whether self-compassion moderates or mediates the emotional distress triggered by psychotic-like experiences in clinical and community samples.
  
  Findings: Higher self-compassion significantly mitigated psychological distress related to paranoia and aberrant perceptions, even when symptom frequency remained constant.
  
  Conclusion: Self-compassion acts as a psychological buffer against psychotic distress, demonstrating the utility of compassion-focused therapy in early psychosis intervention.”



• Wüsten, C., Schlier, B., Jaya, E., Alizadeh, B., Bartels-Velthuis, A., & van Beveren, N. et al. (2018). Psychotic Experiences and Related Distress: A Cross-national Comparison and Network Analysis Based on 7141 Participants From 13 Countries. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 44(6), 1185-1194. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sby087

  Abstract:
  “Background: Compared psychotic experiences and related distress across 13 countries (7,141 participants) spanning low-and-middle-income countries (LAMIC) and high-income countries (HIC).
  
  Findings: Participants from LAMIC endorsed psychotic experiences more frequently but reported significantly lower distress and looser symptom network interconnections than participants in HIC.
  
  Conclusion: Psychotic experiences are experienced as more benign in collectivistic societies, underscoring that subjective distress must guide clinical risk assessment.”



• Jaya, E. S., Ascone, L., & Lincoln, T. M. (2017). A longitudinal mediation analysis of the effect of dysfunctional self-related schema on psychotic symptoms via negative affect. Psychological Medicine, 48(8), 1299-1307. doi: 10.1017/S003329171700277X

  Abstract:
  “Background: Cognitive models predict that dysfunctional negative self-schemas generate positive psychotic symptoms indirectly by precipitating negative affective states.
  
  Findings: Longitudinal mediation modeling confirmed that negative self-schemas prospectively worsened paranoia and hallucinatory experiences through increases in negative affect over time.
  
  Conclusion: Establishes negative affect as the crucial intermediary converting maladaptive self-concept into active psychosis symptoms, validating affect-focused CBT for delusions.”



• Lincoln, T. M., Marin, N., & Jaya, E. S.* (2017). Childhood trauma and psychotic experiences in a general population sample: A prospective study on the mediating role of emotion regulation. European Psychiatry, 42, 111–119. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.11.011

  Abstract:
  “Background: Evaluated whether deficits in emotion regulation mediate the pathway from early developmental trauma to psychotic experiences in a prospective community cohort.
  
  Findings: Maladaptive emotion regulation strategies partially accounted for trauma-induced psychotic distress. Bidirectional effects showed symptom distress further impaired emotion regulation.
  
  Conclusion: Emotion regulation training provides a promising therapeutic target to break trauma-induced maintenance cycles in individuals at risk for psychosis.”



• Ascone, L., Jaya, E. S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2016). The effect of unfavourable and favourable social comparisons on paranoid ideation: An experimental study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 54, 247-254. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.08.002

  Abstract:
  “Background: Tested the causal role of perceived social rank and social comparison on negative affect and state paranoia using an experimental online social rank paradigm in 172 participants.
  
  Findings: While experimental exposure to high-ranking vs. low-ranking social profiles successfully altered subjective social rank, state paranoia was modulated primarily by baseline sensitivity to social rejection.
  
  Conclusion: Evaluates social rank mechanisms in paranoid ideation, demonstrating that underlying rejection sensitivity is central to social threat appraisal.”



• Jaya, E. S., Ascone, L., & Lincoln, T. M. (2016). Social adversity and psychosis: The mediating role of cognitive vulnerability. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 43(3), 548–556. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbw104

  Abstract:
  “Background: Social adversities (trauma, discrimination, social disadvantage) strongly elevate psychosis risk. We examined whether this relationship is mediated by cognitive vulnerabilities (negative self/other schemas and external locus of control).
  
  Findings: Multiple mediation models demonstrated that negative self-schemas and negative other-schemas accounted for up to 68% of the relationship between cumulative social adversity and psychotic symptoms.
  
  Conclusion: Cognitive vulnerabilities are the primary cognitive vehicles translating societal adversity into psychotic symptomatology, offering clear intervention targets for psychotherapy.”



• Jaya, E. S., Hillmann, T., Klaus, M. R., Gollwitzer, A., & Lincoln, T. M. (2016). Loneliness and psychotic symptoms: The mediating role of depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41(1), 106–116. doi: 10.1007/s10608-016-9799-4

  Abstract:
  “Background: Investigated whether loneliness drives positive psychotic symptoms and whether this relationship is mediated by depressive affective states in a large cross-sectional sample.
  
  Findings: Loneliness strongly correlated with paranoia and hallucinations. Mediation analysis revealed that depressive symptomatology accounted for the majority of the variance linking loneliness to psychotic symptoms.
  
  Conclusion: Depressive mood is a primary affective mechanism through which perceived social isolation triggers psychotic-like phenomena, indicating that alleviating loneliness and depression reduces psychosis vulnerability.”



• Sundag, J., Ascone, L., de Matos Marques, A., Moritz, S., & Lincoln, T. (2016). Elucidating the role of Early Maladaptive Schemas for psychotic symptomatology. Psychiatry Research, 238, 53-59. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.02.008

  Abstract:
  “Background: Evaluated the prevalence and symptom-specific predictive value of Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas in patients across the psychosis spectrum compared to healthy controls.
  
  Findings: Schemas such as Mistrust/Abuse and Defectiveness significantly predicted positive psychotic symptoms even after controlling for concurrent depressive affect.
  
  Conclusion: Supports the application of schema therapy to psychosis, showing that chronic core beliefs of interpersonal threat and personal inadequacy fuel symptom maintenance.”



• Schlier, B., Jaya, E. S., Moritz, S., & Lincoln, T. M. (2015). The Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences measures nine clusters of psychosis-like experiences: A validation of the German version of the CAPE. Schizophrenia Research, 169(1–3), 274–279. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.10.034

  Abstract:
  “Background: Examined the factorial validity of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE), contrasting the traditional three-factor model with a nine-cluster multidimensional structure.
  
  Findings: The nine-cluster model demonstrated superior statistical fit, differentiating subdimensions of bizarre experiences, hallucinations, paranoia, grandiosity, magical thinking, social withdrawal, affective flattening, and avolition.
  
  Conclusion: Recommends the hierarchical nine-cluster model for refined dimensional assessment of psychotic proneness in clinical and research applications.”